A board game is a generic term for a game played by placing, moving or removing pieces on a board and that utilizes a game format in which pieces are moved in particular ways on a board marked with a pattern. Examples of board games include chess, Go, and Shogi. Research involving chess, which is played by two players on a board with 64 black and white squares and 16 pieces for each player [1], has contributed to the theoretical development of cognitive psychology [2]. For example, Burgoyne et al. [3] conducted a meta-analysis and demonstrated that chess skills are significantly and positively correlated with four broad cognitive abilities: fluid reasoning, comprehension-knowledge, short-term memory, and processing speed. Similarly, a meta-analysis by Sala and Gobet [4] found that chess instruction moderately improves the cognitive skills of children.
In the present review, 11 of the assessed studies investigated the effects of board games and programs that use board games on cognitive functions. These studies used Go, chess, and Ska, which are not educational games but abstract strategy games. Studies investigating the use of Go found that older adults experiencing cognitive decline and/or living in nursing homes showed improvements in attention and working memory after regularly playing the game [6]. Studies assessing the use of Ska found that the game appeared to enhance the cognitive functioning of older adults in terms of memory, attention, and executive function [24]. Studies evaluating chess showed that training with the game improved the planning ability of patients with schizophrenia and the mathematical ability of children [25, 26]. But, Sala & Gobet [27] indicated that interventions that use chess are not significantly different from interventions that use checkers and regular school activities that address the mathematical and metacognitive ability of children.
The Road To Chess Improvement Epub
Abstract:With the coordinate data of community sports facilities in Fuzhou and the Geographic Information System platform, this paper developed a research framework of accessibility from three aspects of distribution, service coverage and access equality level. In addition, based on this, this paper analyzed the level and characteristics of the accessibility of community sports facilities within the third ring road of Fuzhou, China. The results showed that the community sports facilities within the third ring road of Fuzhou basically achieved the coverage of being within a ten-minute walking distance, but there were still some deficiencies regarding to the distribution of facilities and the equality level of accessibility. In addition, the results showed poor spatial matching between the number of facilities and population. A shortage of community sports facilities was found in the old central urban area, leading to poor accessibility. It is suggested in this paper that an overall improvement could be carried out through urban renewal.Keywords: GIS; community sports facilities; accessibility; distribution; service coverage; equality level 2ff7e9595c
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